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Caipira dialect
''Caipira'' (; (Old Tupi ''ka'apir'' or ''kaa-pira'', which means "bush cutter") is a Brazilian Portuguese dialect spoken in the states of São Paulo and neighboring areas in Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, part of Paraná and Santa Catarina.
==History==
The formation of ''caipira'' dialect began with the arrival of the Portuguese in São Vicente in the sixteenth century. Ongoing research points several influences, such as Galician-Portuguese, represented in some archaic aspects of the dialect, and the ''língua geral paulista'', a Tupian Portuguese-like Creole language codified by the Jesuits.〔Ataliba T. de Castilho (Org. 2007). ''História do Português Paulista.'' Série Estudos - Vol. I. São Paulo: Setor de Publicações do IEL / Unicamp〕 The westward colonial expansion through the Bandeirantes expedition spread the dialect throughout a dialect and cultural continuum called Paulistania〔Ribeiro, Darcy. Os Brasileiros〕 in the provinces of São Paulo, Mato Grosso (and later Mato Grosso do Sul as well Rondônia depending on viewpoint), Goiás (latter with Federal District), Minas Gerais
In 1920s the scholar Amadeu Amaral published a grammar and predicted the imininent dialect death in face of urbanization and the coming mass immigration wave due to coffee monoculture.〔Amaral, Amadeu . O ''Dialeto Caipira''. São Paulo: Casa Editora “O livro”, 1920.〕 However, the dialect survived in rural subculture, with music, folk stories (''causos''), and substratum in city-dwellers' speech, recorded by folklorists and linguists.
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